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Deglacial History of Vermont
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Table of Contents
Preface – Author’s Note
Abstract
I. Introduction
B. Previous Work
C. Peer Review
D. About the Bath Tub Model, Styles, and Glacial Dynamics
E. A closer look at physiography in the context of a Bath Tub Model
F. Global Warming
G. Early Human Migration
H. Metric versus English System
II. Ice Margin Features
B. Ice Margin Feature Types
1. End Moraines and Stagnant Ice Deposits
2. Ice Marginal Channels
3. Ice Margin Steps
4. Drainage Lines
5. Deltas and Kame Deltas
6. Scabby Terrain
7. Bedrock Grooves
8. Ice Tongue Grooves
9. Shattuck Mountain Potholes
10. Calving Ice Margin Features
11. Ice Margin Lines
12. Other Features
C. “Nature” of Ice margins
2. Stagnant Ice Margins
3. “Hybrid Ice Margins”
4. “Step-down Ice Margins”
5. “Nourished Ice Margins”
6. Destabilized, “Disaggregated,” and Calving Ice Margins
7. “Everything, Everywhere, All at Once, and Continuing” Ice Margins”
8. “Disaggregated Margins”
9. “Diachronic Ice Margins”
10. “Oscillatory versus Readvance Margins”
11. “Warm versus Cold Based Ice Margins”
D. Usage of Ice margin features in a Bath Tub Model – Validity & Mechanics
E. Ice Margin “Paradigm Traps” and “Blinders”
III. Deglacial History – January 2026 Version
B. Advance Preview of Vermont Deglacial History Findings
C. T1-T8 Ice Margin Positions, Levels, and Times
1. T1– Late T3 Nunatak Phase Times
2. T1 ice margin position, level, and time
3. T2 ice margin position, level, and time
4. Late T3 ice margin position, level, and time regional perspective
5. T4 ice margin position, level, and time
6. Early T6 ice margin position, level, and time
7. Late T6 and T7 Ice Margin Positions, Levels, and Times
8. T8 Ice Margin Position, Level and Time
D. Pre-Addendum Chronological History Narrative Summary
IV. Deglacial History – September 2026 Addendum
B. Addendum VCGI LiDAR Imagery Study
1. Streaks
2. Scarps
3. Mega Scale Lineations
4. Transverse Morainic Ridges
C. Addendum 2026 Field Study
1. LaPlatte Basin
2. Onset Zone near Shelburne
3. Lewis Creek Basin
4. Little Otter Creek Basin
5. Vergennes vicinity
f. Addison area – Scarps and Mega Scale Lineations
7. Palmer Corner to Bridport
8. Palmer Corner, West Bridport, and Cream Hill area
9. Orwell – Brandon area
D. Overview of Scarps in the Southern and Central Champlain Basin
E. Revised Statewide Deglacial History and Glacial Dynamics
4. T7 time
5. T8 time
6. Composite Overview
F. Glacial Dynamics and Epiphanies
1. Character of Ice Margins
2. Ice Marginal Channels
3. Scabby Terrain
4. Disaggregated,” More or Less Open Water Corridors
5. Basal meltwater and ice warming
6. Stratigraphic Layering and Structural Deformation
6. Stratigraphic Layering and Structural Deformation
7. Streaks, Scarps, and other Destabilization and Streaming Evidence
8. Vermont Deglacial History represents a late glacial time
9. All of the Vermont Deglacial History here is a small part of a longer history
10. All of the Vermont Deglacial History here is part of a larger regional Glacial Dynamic
G. An Examination of the regional perspective
V. Summary and Conclusions – January 2026
VI. Epilogue
VII. Appendices
B. Detailed Locales
1. Lower Connecticut Basin – Locale LC1
2. Middle Connecticut Basin – Locale MC1
3. Southern Champlain Basin- Vermont Valley Locale CB1
4. Middle Champlain Basin Locale CB2 – Rutland to Burlington area
5. Winooski Basin – Locales W1, W2, and W3
6. Lamoille Basin
7. Northeastern Champlain Basin – Locales CV1 -CV4
8. Northwestern Champlain Basin – Locales CV5-CV8
9. Memphremagog Basin – Locales M1-M4
10. Upper Connecticut Basin Locale
C. Correlative Ice Margins in Quebec, New York, and New Hampshire
D. Recognition of Calving Ice Margins
E. Wagner September 2023 Open Letter to the Vermont State Geologist
VIII. Bibliography
Deglacial History of Vermont
Deglacial History of Vermont
Table of Contents
Preface: Author’s Note
Abstract
I. Introduction
B. Previous Work
C. Peer Review
D. About the Bath Tub Model, Styles, and Glacial Dynamics
E. A closer look at physiography in the context of a Bath Tub Model
F. Global Warming
G. Early Human Migration
H. Metric versus English System
II. Ice Margin Features
B. Ice Margin Feature Types
1. End Moraines and Stagnant Ice Deposits
2. Ice Marginal Channels
3. Ice Margin Steps
4. Drainage Lines
5. Deltas and Kame Deltas
6. Scabby Terrain
7. Bedrock Grooves
8. Ice Tongue Grooves
9. Shattuck Mountain Potholes
10. Calving Ice Margin Features
11. Ice Margin Lines
12. Other Features
C. “Nature” of Ice margins
2. Stagnant Ice Margins
3. “Hybrid Ice Margins”
4. “Step-down Ice Margins”
5. “Nourished Ice Margins”
6. Destabilized, “Disaggregated,” and Calving Ice Margins
7. “Everything, Everywhere, All at Once, and Continuing” Ice Margins”
8. “Disaggregated Margins”
9. “Diachronic Ice Margins”
10. “Oscillatory versus Readvance Margins”
11. “Warm versus Cold Based Ice Margins”
D. Usage of Ice margin features in a Bath Tub Model
E. Ice Margin “Paradigm Traps” and “Blinders”
III. Deglacial History – January 2026 Version
B. Advance Preview of Vermont Deglacial History Findings
C. T1-T8 Ice Margin Positions, Levels, and Times
1. T1– Late T3 Nunatak Phase Times
2. T1 ice margin position, level, and time
3. T2 ice margin position, level, and time
4. Late T3 ice margin position, level, and time regional perspective
5. T4 ice margin position, level, and time
6. Early T6 ice margin position, level, and time
7. Late T6 and T7 Ice Margin Positions, Levels, and Times
8. T8 Ice Margin Position, Level and Time
D. Pre-Addendum Chronological History Narrative Summary
IV. Deglacial History – September 2026 Addendum
B. Addendum VCGI LiDAR Imagery Study
1. Streaks
2. Scarps
3. Mega Scale Lineations
4. Transverse Morainic Ridges
C. Addendum 2026 Field Study
1. LaPlatte Basin
2. Onset Zone near Shelburne
3. Lewis Creek Basin
4. Little Otter Creek Basin
5. Vergennes vicinity
6. Addison area
7. Palmer Corner to Bridport
8. Palmer Corner, West Bridport, and Cream Hill area
9. Orwell – Brandon area
D. Overview of Scarps in the Southern and Central Champlain Basin
E. Revised Statewide Deglacial History and Glacial Dynamics
4. T7 time
5. T8 time
6. Composite Overview
F. Glacial Dynamics and Epiphanies
1. Character of Ice Margins
2. Ice Marginal Channels
3. Scabby Terrain
4. Disaggregated,” More or Less Open Water Corridors
5. Basal meltwater and ice warming
6. Stratigraphic Layering and Structural Deformation
7. Streaks, Scarps, and other Destabilization and Streaming Evidence
8. Vermont Deglacial History represents a late glacial time
9. All of the Vermont Deglacial History here is a small part of a longer history
10. All of the Vermont Deglacial History here is part of a larger regional Glacial Dynamic
G. An Examination of the regional perspective
V. Summary and Conclusions
VI. Epilogue
VII. Appendices
B. Detailed Locales
1. Lower Connecticut Basin – Locale LC1
2. Middle Connecticut Basin – Locale MC1
3. Southern Champlain Basin- Vermont Valley Locale CB1
4. Middle Champlain Basin Locale CB2 – Rutland to Burlington area
5. Winooski Basin – Locales W1, W2, and W3
6. Lamoille Basin
7. Northeastern Champlain Basin – Locales CV1 -CV4
8. Northwestern Champlain Basin – Locales CV5-CV8
9. Memphremagog Basin – Locales M1-M4
10. Upper Connecticut Basin Locale
C. Correlative Ice Margins in Quebec, New York, and New Hampshire
D. Recognition of Calving Ice Margins
E. Wagner September 2023 Open Letter to the Vermont State Geologist
VIII. Bibliography
Table of Contents
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